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Verbos modales

Can y could

Usamos can:

• para expresar habilidad en el presente.

George can speak four languages.

Can you play any musical instruments?

• para expresar posibilidad e imposibilidad.

Where can you buy the paper?

I can’t go out tonight. I have to study.

• para pedir algo.

Can you help me?

• para pedir y dar permiso.

‘Teacher, can I go now?’ - ‘Yes, you can.’

Teenagers can stay up late at weekends if their parents agree.

Usamos can’t:

• para expresar prohibiciones.

You can’t listen to music in the library.

• para expresar una deducción negativa o cuando creemos que algo probablemente no es cierto.

He can’t be a doctor. He’s too young.

That can’t be Sheila over there. She left for Manchester yesterday.

• para hablar sobre imposibilidad en el pasado. En este caso usamos can’t + have + participio de pasado.

He can’t have been at home yesterday because I phoned him several times.

Forma

can/can’t + infinitivo sin to

!Atencion!

I can to swim.(mal) I can swim. (bien)


Could

Usamos could:

• para expresar habilidad en el pasado.

My daughter could read when she was four.

• para pedir algo de manera educada.

Could I use your phone, Mr Harris?

• para expresar permiso en el pasado.

When I was young I couldn’t stay out late at weekends.

• para hacer deducciones cuando no estamos seguros de que algo sea cierto.

I’m not sure, but that could be Tom’s mother.

• Usamos couldn’t para expresar imposibilidad en el pasado. En este caso, usamos couldn’t + have + participio de pasado.

He couldn’t have won the cookery competition: he doesn’t know how to cook.

He couldn’t have written that story so quickly.


Was/were able to

• Usamos was/were able to para expresar que teníamos la habilidad de hacer algo en una situación concreta del pasado.

Last year, I was able to run the 100 metres in under eleven seconds.

(= Corri los 100 metros en menos de once segundos.)

Was/were allowed to

• Usamos was/were allowed to para expresar permiso en el pasado.

When I was young, I was allowed to stay out late at weekends.

• Podemos usar was/were allowed to para expresar que teníamos permiso para hacer algo en el pasado en una situación concreta.

We were allowed to take photographs in the museum. (= Podiamos hacer fotografias en el museo.)

Forma

could/couldn’t + infinitivo sin to

was/were (not) + able to + infinitivo sin to

was/were (not) + allowed to + infinitivo sin to

Be able to

• can y could son las formas de presente y pasado (could también puede ser condicional). Cuando tenemos que usar otras formas verbales para hablar sobre habilidad y posibilidad, usamos be able to.

Formas de futuro: I won’t be able to do it if you don’t help me.

Formas perfectas: Have you been able to finish your essay?

!Atencion!

You will can speak English if you follow my advice.(mal)

You will be able to speak English if you follow my advice.(bien)


May y might

Usamos may:

• para pedir y dar permiso.

‘May I go to the toilet, please?’ - ‘Yes, you may.’

Usamos may o might:

• para expresar posibilidad en el presente o el futuro, cuando no estamos seguros de si algo es o no es cierto.

The exam was very difficult. I may/might pass.

It may/might rain tomorrow.

• para expresar posibilidad en el pasado cuando no estamos seguros de si ha ocurrido algo. En este caso, usamos may/might + have + participio de pasado.

‘He didn’t have any money on him, but he still bought the watch.’ - ‘He might have used his credit card.’

Forma may/might (not) + infinitivo sin to


Must y mustn’t

Usamos must:

• para expresar obligación en el presente o el futuro. Suele implicar un juicio personal por parte del hablante.

You must give up eating sweets.

I must write to Sandra.

• para dar instrucciones.

Patients must take the medicine before meals.

• para expresar una deducción positiva cuando creemos que algo es probablemente cierto.

They must be sisters. They look exactly the same.

• para hablar sobre una posibilidad en el pasado cuando estamos seguros de lo que ha ocurrido. En este caso, usamos must + have + participio de pasado.

He’s already at home. He must have taken a taxi from the airport.

Usamos mustn’t:

• para hablar sobre prohibiciones.

You mustn’t drive after taking the tablets.

You mustn’t shout in class.

!Atencion!

You must to listen in class.(mal)

You must listen in class. (bien)

Consejo: usamos have to con:

El pasado simple: After the bomb alert, they had to leave the terminal building.

Las formas de futuro: I’ll have to go to Liz’s party if she invites me.

Las formas perfectas: I’ve had to work late all week.

Forma

must/mustn’t + infinitivo sin to

Have to y don’t have to

Usamos have to:

• para hablar sobre las obligaciones de todos los días: las actividades que forman parte de la rutina.

Teenagers have to get up early during the week.

Do you have to take the car to go to work?

• para hablar sobre obligaciones que nos imponen otros.

I have to be home by eleven at weekends.

You have to be eighteen to vote in the UK.

Usamos don’t have to:

• para decir que no existe obligación de hacer algo.

Most teenagers don’t have to get up early on Saturdays.

You don’t have to vote. Voting is not compulsory in the UK.

!Atencion!

I mustn’t get up early on Sundays.(mal)

I don’t have to get up early on Sundays.(bien)

Forma

have/has to + infinitivo sin to

don’t/doesn’t have to + infinitivo sin to


Need y needn’t

Usamos need:

• para hablar sobre necesidades.

I need to work harder to pass the exam.

Usamos needn’t o don’t/doesn’t need to:

• para expresar que no existe obligación de hacer algo.

You needn’t take the exam. Your classwork is excellent.

We don’t need to hurry. There’s plenty of time.

Usamos needn’t have + participio de pasado:

• para decir que hicimos algo en el pasado que no era necesario.

I needn’t have come to school. The teacher was ill and there were no lessons.

Usamos didn’t need to:

• para expresar que no era necesario hacer algo.

We didn’t need to wait. There was no queue.

Forma

need/needn’t + infinitivo sin to

don’t need + to + infinitivo sin to


Should

Usamos should:

• para dar consejo.

You should sleep more. You look tired.

You shouldn’t eat so many sweets.

• para hablar sobre obligaciones morales. Children should look after their parents when they are old.

Forma should/shouldn’t + infinitivo sin to


Ought to

Usamos ought to:

• para dar consejo.

You ought to go to the doctor.

Consejo: ought to no es tan frecuente como should y normalmente no lo usamos en la forma negativa o en interrogativas.

• para expresar una crítica de las acciones pasadas. En este caso, usamos should/ought to + have + participio de pasado.

He ought to/should have studied more for the exam.

Forma ought to/ought not to + infinitivo sin to


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